Saturday, November 06, 2004, 01:58 GMT
Quote-''Fonemes-A lot of people ask this common question and there's a lot of different answers. It depends on your accent.''
Jim and Brian have a list of the phonemes that exist in their accents. Here they are,
Jim-''I'd say that I have about 44 including /tS/ and /dZ/ but excluding rare and foreign sounds like the "ch" in "loch" and the "r" in "karate". Have a look at my list.''
Here it is again but I've changed it a little. I'm considering /@:/ and /@/ to be a seperate phonemes rather than an allophones. I make the distinction between "can" the auxilary verb and "can" the noun. For me "bad" and "lad" don't rhyme. This isn't restricted to southern England. Also I've added the affricatives.
SHORT VOWELS
i) /o/ on, stop, salon, cough, often, long
ii) /../ ado, along, awake, alert
iii) /@/ ash, amber, ant, an
iv) /e/ egg, extra, empty, heaven, devil, ember
v) /i/ if, impossible, insane, imp, it
vi) /^/ up, other, umbrella, uncle, udder, ugly, uneventful
vii) /u/ whoops, wool, rook, put, pull, wood, good, books
LONG VOWELS
viii) /@:/ bad, mad, sad, Ann
ix) /i../ here, beer, fear, near
x) /a:/ are, ark, art, heart, cart, tart, tar, ah, alms, drama, spa, lager, espionage
xi) /e../ air, fare, spare
xii) /e:/ turn, err, urge, urban
xiii) /i:/ easy, eat, Ian, East, keep, eel, even
xiv) /o:/ or, more, adore, door, awe, awful, trauma, hawk
xv) /u:/ ooze, loser, pool, booze
DIPHTHONGS
xvi) /ei/ age, eight, apron
xvii) /au/ out, owl, clown, drown, pounce, ounce
xviii) /ai/ ice, aisle, iron
xix) /oi/ oil, foyer, lawyer
xx) /Ou/ oak, hope, goal, bowl, ode, old, open
SEMIVOWELS
xxi) /j/ yea, yes, yellow, yard, young
xxii) /w/ woe, warm, wait, wing, whale, whirl, whew, whoosh
NASALS
xxiii) /m/ mime, measure, moor, mirror
xxiv) /n/ none, nun, noon
xxv) /N/ hung, sing, English
LIQUIDS
xxvi) /l/ girl, table, mile,devil, lull, lamp, light, loco
xxvii) /r/ roar, rail, rook, raven
FRICATIVES
xxviii) /h/ ha-ha hey, hang, hello, hip, heart
xxix) /f/ fee, flower, freedom
xxx) /v/ vest, have, vow, vagabond
xxxi) /th/ thorn, thigh, thin, with,
xxxii) /TH/ there, thy, eth, they
xxxiii) /s/ so, suppose, spring, face
xxxiv) /z/ zoo, zeal, zebra
xxxv) /S/ share, sure, sheep, shilling
xxxvi) /Z/ measure, Jean, voyage, garage, treasure, triage
STOPS
xxxvii) /p/ peep, post, poor, plant
xxxviii) /b/ bib, baby
xxxix) /t/ tot, tailor, tree
xl) /d/ dad, dud, did, dead, deed, dude, died
xli) /k/ kick, calf, kipper, cough, kook
xlii) /g/ gag, gun, gold
AFFRICATIVES
xliii) /tS/ church, chat, lunch, chears
xliv) /dZ/ judge, jest, lodge, jerk, general
There are still some puzzling things are the syllabic consonants phonemes? I guess they probably are. Then this adds three phonemes to my list.
xlv) /.l/ little, sprinkle, twinkle
xlvi) /.n/ shorten, often, happen
xlvii) /.m/ bossom, blossom, prism
A rare phoneme:
xlviii) /K/ loch, Bach
I make the distinction between "loch" and "lock". Admittedly I have to think about it (a little) and this is the only word I use the sound in ... then there are also names like "Bach" which include it but shouldn't I call it a phoneme?
I'm counting /i(:)/ and /u(:)/ as allophones of /i:/ and /u:/. Also because I rhyme "tour" and "cure" with "fewer" and "doer", I'm counting /u../ as just /u:/ followed by /../. I make no distinction between /u:../ and /u../. Were I not to count them this way ther'd be three more phonemes:
xlvix) /u../ tour, cure, pure, fewer, sewer, doer
l) /i(:)/ happy, merry, create, sloppy
li) /u(:)/ occupy, calculate
/W/ (otherwise known as /hw/) and /hj/ (otherwise known as /C/) are not phonemes in my accent, however, I'd say that there are accents where /hw/ is a phoneme and accents where /hj/ is one too ... maybe but I'm begining to have my doubts about that.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
The phonemes in my accent,
SHORT VOWELS
1. /o/ on, stop, salon, cough, often, long
2. /i(:)/ happy, merry, create, sloppy
3. /@/ ash, cat, rat, lad, pad
4. /e/ egg extra, empty, heaven, devil, ember, brand X
5. /i/ if, impossible, insane, imp, it
6. /^/ up, other, umbrella, uncle, udder, ugly, uneventful
7. /u/ whoops, wool, rook, put, pull, wood, good, books
8. /../ ado, along, awake, alert
9. /u(:)/ calculator, occupy, ambulance
10. /1/ multiple, horrible, terrible, lenin, America, stupid ie. (/1/ from Sampa.
11. /œ/ hors doeuvre
12. /y/ rue, Cluny
13. /Y/ guidwillie
14. /ø/ mille feu
15. /a/ patte, a la
LONG VOWELS
16. /@:/ bad, mad, sad
17. /a:/ father, pasta, Nevada, taco, Colorado, Pakistan
18. /e:/ colonal
19. /i:/ easy, eat, east, keep, even
20. /o:/ awe, awful, trauma, hawk, ought, thought, caught, all, ball
21. /u:/ ooze, loser, booze
22. /ju:/ cube, pew, beautiful, mute, computer, few, view, fusion, music, mew
23. /a2/ man, mansion, camp, ramp, tramp, stamp, stand, camp, lamp, rant
DIPHTHONGS
24. /au/ out, owl, clown, drown, pounce, ounce
25. /ei/ age, apron
26. /e../ air, fare, spare, err
27. /i../ here, beer, fear, near, idea
28. /ai/ ice, aisle, pipe
29. /oi/ foyer, lawyer, coin, join
30. /Ou/ oak, hope, ode, open, soap
31. /o../ core, four, hoarse, course, boar, tour, shore, board, wore, store, door, floor, sore
32. /u../ tour, cure, pure, skua, poor, Coor, sure
33. /iu/ new, tune, duke, luke, rude, brew, threw, suit, super, June, chew, cruise, crew, fruit, blue, sue, sewer, sewage, due, Tuesday
TRIPHTHONGS
34. /ai../-fire, tire, lyre, inspire, wire, hire
35. /oi../-coir
36. /au../-flour, sour, hour
RHOTIC OR R-COLORED VOWELS
37. /ɝ/-burn, turn, fern, her, stir, heard, work, word, first
38. /ɚ/-center, meter, concert, winter, colder, heater, martyr, tapir, sulfur
i.e. [The ''er'' sound in ''fern'' and the ''er'' sound in ''better'' is one sound not an /e:/ followed by a /R/ and an /../ followed by a /R/]
NASAL VOWELS
39. /a:(n)/-grand prix, balm, palm, calm, psalm
40. /^(n)/-uh-uh, huh, uh-huh, ton, run, fun, gun, punt, trunk, stunk, bump
41. /i(n)/-vin
42. /e(n)-pen, ten, meant, lent, fence, again, any, lend, spend, rent, end, enter
43. /o(n)/-contretemps, on, don
44. /O(n)/-bon voyage
45. /..(n)-mitten, different, seven, even
''R''-VOWELS
46. /a2/-start, car, far, large, are, art, arm, chart, cart, farm, charm, starry
47. /o2/-corn, thorn, for, storm, or, orthography, order, cord, chord, sword
''L''-VOWELS
48. /a3/-ail, fail, sale, trail, hail, nail, stale, whale, hale, pale, sail, mail, jail
49. /e3/-feel, steal, shield, peel, heal, eel, reel, real, yield
50. /o3/-cole, coal, stole, fold, mold, old, sold, goal, hole, roll, mole, pole
51. /u3/-cool, pool, school, ghoul, tool, stool, fool
52. /u4/-bulb, dull, duller, multiple, multiply, result
53. /..2/-shovel, label, pencil, April
SEMIVOWELS
54. /j/ yea, yes, yellow, yard, young
55. /w/ woe, warm, wait, wing, wet, wish, want, wait
56. /W/ whale, whirl, whew, whoosh
57. /R/ car, carry, merry, fairy, fair, fire, core, form, cart, ear, steer, cure, pure, cart. fart. oar, air, care, scare, stair, arrow, terror, hard, flour, coir, sorry
NASALS
58. /m/ mime, measure, moor, mirror
59. /n/ none, nun, noon
60. /N/ hung, sing, English
61. /J/ canyon, piñata, lasagna
LIQUIDS
62. /l/ lamp, light, loco, look, large, clock, clip, lip [light ''l'']
63. /5/ fill, cool, pool, bell, bulb, roll, coal, stole, stale, hale, tail, feel, real, tile, boil, owl, curl, world, cold, willy, really, filling, steel, mule [dark ''l'']
64. /r/ roar, rail, rook, raven
65. /L/ Llwyd
FRICATIVES
66. /h/ ha-ha hey, hang, hello, hip, heart
67. /f/ fee, flower, freedom
68. /v/ vest, have, vow, vagabond
69. /th/ thorn, thigh, thin, with,
70. /TH/ there, thy, eth, they
71. /s/ so, suppose, spring, face
72 /z/ zoo, zeal , zebra
73 /S/ share, sure, sheep, shilling
74. /Z/ measure, Jean, voyage, garage, treasure, triage
75. /K/ loch, Bach, Chanuka, chutzpah ''voiceless velar fricative''
76. /C/ ich
77. /B/-Cuba ''voiced bilabial fricative''
78. /P/-fuji ''voiceless bilabial fricative''
79. /G/-yogh ''voiced velar fricative''
STOPS
80. /p/ post, poor, plant
81. /b/ bib, baby
82. /t/ top, tree
83. /d/ dad, dud, did, dead, deed, dude, died
84. /k/ kick, calf, kipper, cough, kook
85. /g/ gag, gun, gold
86. /?/ uh-oh, batman, department, football
87. /q/ Iraq, Qatar
FLAPS
88. /4/-matter, meter, ladder, Saturday, waiter, waiting, quarter, party, letter, better, lighter, writer, electricity, city, duty, forty, thirty
AFFRICATIVES
89. /tS/ church, chat, lunch, cheers
90. /dZ/ judge, jet
SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
91. /.l/ little, sprinkle, twinkle
92. /.n/ bitten, written
93. /.m/ prism, vandalism, chasm
94. /.r/ oeuvre
95. /.N/ lock-and-key
THE FOREIGN R'S
96. /r2/-pero [''tapped ''r'']
97. /r3/-perro [''trilled or rolled ''r''] ''alvelar trill''.
98. /r4/-rouge, rue [''voiceless uvular fricative'']
99. /r5/-karate, karaoke [Japanese ''r'']
100. /r6/-Italian-''mare'' [uvular trill]
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
There are 99 phonemes in my accent.
Jim and Brian have a list of the phonemes that exist in their accents. Here they are,
Jim-''I'd say that I have about 44 including /tS/ and /dZ/ but excluding rare and foreign sounds like the "ch" in "loch" and the "r" in "karate". Have a look at my list.''
Here it is again but I've changed it a little. I'm considering /@:/ and /@/ to be a seperate phonemes rather than an allophones. I make the distinction between "can" the auxilary verb and "can" the noun. For me "bad" and "lad" don't rhyme. This isn't restricted to southern England. Also I've added the affricatives.
SHORT VOWELS
i) /o/ on, stop, salon, cough, often, long
ii) /../ ado, along, awake, alert
iii) /@/ ash, amber, ant, an
iv) /e/ egg, extra, empty, heaven, devil, ember
v) /i/ if, impossible, insane, imp, it
vi) /^/ up, other, umbrella, uncle, udder, ugly, uneventful
vii) /u/ whoops, wool, rook, put, pull, wood, good, books
LONG VOWELS
viii) /@:/ bad, mad, sad, Ann
ix) /i../ here, beer, fear, near
x) /a:/ are, ark, art, heart, cart, tart, tar, ah, alms, drama, spa, lager, espionage
xi) /e../ air, fare, spare
xii) /e:/ turn, err, urge, urban
xiii) /i:/ easy, eat, Ian, East, keep, eel, even
xiv) /o:/ or, more, adore, door, awe, awful, trauma, hawk
xv) /u:/ ooze, loser, pool, booze
DIPHTHONGS
xvi) /ei/ age, eight, apron
xvii) /au/ out, owl, clown, drown, pounce, ounce
xviii) /ai/ ice, aisle, iron
xix) /oi/ oil, foyer, lawyer
xx) /Ou/ oak, hope, goal, bowl, ode, old, open
SEMIVOWELS
xxi) /j/ yea, yes, yellow, yard, young
xxii) /w/ woe, warm, wait, wing, whale, whirl, whew, whoosh
NASALS
xxiii) /m/ mime, measure, moor, mirror
xxiv) /n/ none, nun, noon
xxv) /N/ hung, sing, English
LIQUIDS
xxvi) /l/ girl, table, mile,devil, lull, lamp, light, loco
xxvii) /r/ roar, rail, rook, raven
FRICATIVES
xxviii) /h/ ha-ha hey, hang, hello, hip, heart
xxix) /f/ fee, flower, freedom
xxx) /v/ vest, have, vow, vagabond
xxxi) /th/ thorn, thigh, thin, with,
xxxii) /TH/ there, thy, eth, they
xxxiii) /s/ so, suppose, spring, face
xxxiv) /z/ zoo, zeal, zebra
xxxv) /S/ share, sure, sheep, shilling
xxxvi) /Z/ measure, Jean, voyage, garage, treasure, triage
STOPS
xxxvii) /p/ peep, post, poor, plant
xxxviii) /b/ bib, baby
xxxix) /t/ tot, tailor, tree
xl) /d/ dad, dud, did, dead, deed, dude, died
xli) /k/ kick, calf, kipper, cough, kook
xlii) /g/ gag, gun, gold
AFFRICATIVES
xliii) /tS/ church, chat, lunch, chears
xliv) /dZ/ judge, jest, lodge, jerk, general
There are still some puzzling things are the syllabic consonants phonemes? I guess they probably are. Then this adds three phonemes to my list.
xlv) /.l/ little, sprinkle, twinkle
xlvi) /.n/ shorten, often, happen
xlvii) /.m/ bossom, blossom, prism
A rare phoneme:
xlviii) /K/ loch, Bach
I make the distinction between "loch" and "lock". Admittedly I have to think about it (a little) and this is the only word I use the sound in ... then there are also names like "Bach" which include it but shouldn't I call it a phoneme?
I'm counting /i(:)/ and /u(:)/ as allophones of /i:/ and /u:/. Also because I rhyme "tour" and "cure" with "fewer" and "doer", I'm counting /u../ as just /u:/ followed by /../. I make no distinction between /u:../ and /u../. Were I not to count them this way ther'd be three more phonemes:
xlvix) /u../ tour, cure, pure, fewer, sewer, doer
l) /i(:)/ happy, merry, create, sloppy
li) /u(:)/ occupy, calculate
/W/ (otherwise known as /hw/) and /hj/ (otherwise known as /C/) are not phonemes in my accent, however, I'd say that there are accents where /hw/ is a phoneme and accents where /hj/ is one too ... maybe but I'm begining to have my doubts about that.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
The phonemes in my accent,
SHORT VOWELS
1. /o/ on, stop, salon, cough, often, long
2. /i(:)/ happy, merry, create, sloppy
3. /@/ ash, cat, rat, lad, pad
4. /e/ egg extra, empty, heaven, devil, ember, brand X
5. /i/ if, impossible, insane, imp, it
6. /^/ up, other, umbrella, uncle, udder, ugly, uneventful
7. /u/ whoops, wool, rook, put, pull, wood, good, books
8. /../ ado, along, awake, alert
9. /u(:)/ calculator, occupy, ambulance
10. /1/ multiple, horrible, terrible, lenin, America, stupid ie. (/1/ from Sampa.
11. /œ/ hors doeuvre
12. /y/ rue, Cluny
13. /Y/ guidwillie
14. /ø/ mille feu
15. /a/ patte, a la
LONG VOWELS
16. /@:/ bad, mad, sad
17. /a:/ father, pasta, Nevada, taco, Colorado, Pakistan
18. /e:/ colonal
19. /i:/ easy, eat, east, keep, even
20. /o:/ awe, awful, trauma, hawk, ought, thought, caught, all, ball
21. /u:/ ooze, loser, booze
22. /ju:/ cube, pew, beautiful, mute, computer, few, view, fusion, music, mew
23. /a2/ man, mansion, camp, ramp, tramp, stamp, stand, camp, lamp, rant
DIPHTHONGS
24. /au/ out, owl, clown, drown, pounce, ounce
25. /ei/ age, apron
26. /e../ air, fare, spare, err
27. /i../ here, beer, fear, near, idea
28. /ai/ ice, aisle, pipe
29. /oi/ foyer, lawyer, coin, join
30. /Ou/ oak, hope, ode, open, soap
31. /o../ core, four, hoarse, course, boar, tour, shore, board, wore, store, door, floor, sore
32. /u../ tour, cure, pure, skua, poor, Coor, sure
33. /iu/ new, tune, duke, luke, rude, brew, threw, suit, super, June, chew, cruise, crew, fruit, blue, sue, sewer, sewage, due, Tuesday
TRIPHTHONGS
34. /ai../-fire, tire, lyre, inspire, wire, hire
35. /oi../-coir
36. /au../-flour, sour, hour
RHOTIC OR R-COLORED VOWELS
37. /ɝ/-burn, turn, fern, her, stir, heard, work, word, first
38. /ɚ/-center, meter, concert, winter, colder, heater, martyr, tapir, sulfur
i.e. [The ''er'' sound in ''fern'' and the ''er'' sound in ''better'' is one sound not an /e:/ followed by a /R/ and an /../ followed by a /R/]
NASAL VOWELS
39. /a:(n)/-grand prix, balm, palm, calm, psalm
40. /^(n)/-uh-uh, huh, uh-huh, ton, run, fun, gun, punt, trunk, stunk, bump
41. /i(n)/-vin
42. /e(n)-pen, ten, meant, lent, fence, again, any, lend, spend, rent, end, enter
43. /o(n)/-contretemps, on, don
44. /O(n)/-bon voyage
45. /..(n)-mitten, different, seven, even
''R''-VOWELS
46. /a2/-start, car, far, large, are, art, arm, chart, cart, farm, charm, starry
47. /o2/-corn, thorn, for, storm, or, orthography, order, cord, chord, sword
''L''-VOWELS
48. /a3/-ail, fail, sale, trail, hail, nail, stale, whale, hale, pale, sail, mail, jail
49. /e3/-feel, steal, shield, peel, heal, eel, reel, real, yield
50. /o3/-cole, coal, stole, fold, mold, old, sold, goal, hole, roll, mole, pole
51. /u3/-cool, pool, school, ghoul, tool, stool, fool
52. /u4/-bulb, dull, duller, multiple, multiply, result
53. /..2/-shovel, label, pencil, April
SEMIVOWELS
54. /j/ yea, yes, yellow, yard, young
55. /w/ woe, warm, wait, wing, wet, wish, want, wait
56. /W/ whale, whirl, whew, whoosh
57. /R/ car, carry, merry, fairy, fair, fire, core, form, cart, ear, steer, cure, pure, cart. fart. oar, air, care, scare, stair, arrow, terror, hard, flour, coir, sorry
NASALS
58. /m/ mime, measure, moor, mirror
59. /n/ none, nun, noon
60. /N/ hung, sing, English
61. /J/ canyon, piñata, lasagna
LIQUIDS
62. /l/ lamp, light, loco, look, large, clock, clip, lip [light ''l'']
63. /5/ fill, cool, pool, bell, bulb, roll, coal, stole, stale, hale, tail, feel, real, tile, boil, owl, curl, world, cold, willy, really, filling, steel, mule [dark ''l'']
64. /r/ roar, rail, rook, raven
65. /L/ Llwyd
FRICATIVES
66. /h/ ha-ha hey, hang, hello, hip, heart
67. /f/ fee, flower, freedom
68. /v/ vest, have, vow, vagabond
69. /th/ thorn, thigh, thin, with,
70. /TH/ there, thy, eth, they
71. /s/ so, suppose, spring, face
72 /z/ zoo, zeal , zebra
73 /S/ share, sure, sheep, shilling
74. /Z/ measure, Jean, voyage, garage, treasure, triage
75. /K/ loch, Bach, Chanuka, chutzpah ''voiceless velar fricative''
76. /C/ ich
77. /B/-Cuba ''voiced bilabial fricative''
78. /P/-fuji ''voiceless bilabial fricative''
79. /G/-yogh ''voiced velar fricative''
STOPS
80. /p/ post, poor, plant
81. /b/ bib, baby
82. /t/ top, tree
83. /d/ dad, dud, did, dead, deed, dude, died
84. /k/ kick, calf, kipper, cough, kook
85. /g/ gag, gun, gold
86. /?/ uh-oh, batman, department, football
87. /q/ Iraq, Qatar
FLAPS
88. /4/-matter, meter, ladder, Saturday, waiter, waiting, quarter, party, letter, better, lighter, writer, electricity, city, duty, forty, thirty
AFFRICATIVES
89. /tS/ church, chat, lunch, cheers
90. /dZ/ judge, jet
SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
91. /.l/ little, sprinkle, twinkle
92. /.n/ bitten, written
93. /.m/ prism, vandalism, chasm
94. /.r/ oeuvre
95. /.N/ lock-and-key
THE FOREIGN R'S
96. /r2/-pero [''tapped ''r'']
97. /r3/-perro [''trilled or rolled ''r''] ''alvelar trill''.
98. /r4/-rouge, rue [''voiceless uvular fricative'']
99. /r5/-karate, karaoke [Japanese ''r'']
100. /r6/-Italian-''mare'' [uvular trill]
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
There are 99 phonemes in my accent.