As for [dZ], though, such did show up in Old English natively, due to the palatalization of OE /g/, (analogous to the palatalization of OE /k/ as [tS]), and was definitely a native phoneme which was not introduced by Old Norman into Middle English. Note though that I cannot say if the palatalization of at least earlier OE /g/ and /k/ as [dZ] and [tS] was only allophonic or was actually phonemic per se.
English- a mixed language???
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greg Sun Dec 04, 2005 9:27 pm GMT
Travis : der Terminus « Old Norman French » ist missverständlich, weil Altnormannisch und Altfranzösisch zwei Nebenformen die Oïlsprachfamilie sind. Außerdem war Altnormannisch keine geinigte Sprache : es gab Südaltnormannisch (Westoïlfamilie : Gallo, Poitevin usw) und Nordaltnormannisch (Nordoïlfamilie : Pikardisch, Wallonisch usw). Und war die Oïlsprache die, in die Britischen Inseln gesprochen wurde, keine "Altnormannisch" stricto sensu : sie war mit verschiedenen Oïlsprachen "gemischt". Deshalb ist der Terminus übermanicanisches Altfranzösisch gerechter.
Greg, so schön es auch ist, daß Du hier in Deutsch schreibst, so ärgerlich ist es, daß Du reformierte Schreibweisen verwendest. ''Mißverständlich'' ist doch viel besser lesbar. Es ist doch nicht nötig, sich vor Reformern zu verbeugen, die wider besseren Wissens einer ganzen Sprachgemeinschaft grammatisch falsche Schreibweisen mit staatlicher Hilfe aufzuzwingen versuchen. Es ist doch nicht nötig, sich vor Leuten zu verbeugen, die vorgeben, eine Rechtschreibung zu vereinfachen, dabei jedoch alles komplizierter und verworrener machen. Die so wunderbare Buchstaben wie das ß abzuschaffen versuchen, damit die Leute durch die Vermeidung dieses Buchstabens ihre Unterwürfigkeit unter den Willen der deutschen Kultusbürokratie zeigen können.
Travis : der Terminus « Old Norman French » ist missverständlich, weil Altnormannisch und Altfranzösisch zwei Nebenformen die Oïlsprachfamilie sind. Außerdem war Altnormannisch keine geinigte Sprache : es gab Südaltnormannisch (Westoïlfamilie : Gallo, Poitevin usw) und Nordaltnormannisch (Nordoïlfamilie : Pikardisch, Wallonisch usw). Und war die Oïlsprache die, in die Britischen Inseln gesprochen wurde, keine "Altnormannisch" stricto sensu : sie war mit verschiedenen Oïlsprachen "gemischt". Deshalb ist der Terminus übermanicanisches Altfranzösisch gerechter.
Greg, so schön es auch ist, daß Du hier in Deutsch schreibst, so ärgerlich ist es, daß Du reformierte Schreibweisen verwendest. ''Mißverständlich'' ist doch viel besser lesbar. Es ist doch nicht nötig, sich vor Reformern zu verbeugen, die wider besseren Wissens einer ganzen Sprachgemeinschaft grammatisch falsche Schreibweisen mit staatlicher Hilfe aufzuzwingen versuchen. Es ist doch nicht nötig, sich vor Leuten zu verbeugen, die vorgeben, eine Rechtschreibung zu vereinfachen, dabei jedoch alles komplizierter und verworrener machen. Die so wunderbare Buchstaben wie das ß abzuschaffen versuchen, damit die Leute durch die Vermeidung dieses Buchstabens ihre Unterwürfigkeit unter den Willen der deutschen Kultusbürokratie zeigen können.
Bardioc : ich bin ganz mit « ß » und « mißverständlich » einverstanden !Ich bin "gegen" die reformierte Schreibweise und gar nie werde ich mich vor « Majonäz » und anderen Widerlichkeiten verbeugen ! Das war nur ein Fehler.
Danke, Greg!
Wenn man tagtäglich häßliche, reformierte Schreibweisen sehen muß, wird man empfindlich dagegen.
Wenn man tagtäglich häßliche, reformierte Schreibweisen sehen muß, wird man empfindlich dagegen.
ur right brennus. spanish terms has been a part of our language.
english spanish
-ice -yelo(hielo)
-chair -silya
-table -mesa
*these are just examples but theres a lot more. like in counting... uno, dos, tres, quatro, cinco, sais, siete, otso, nuebe.. so on and so fort.. which is one, two, three, four,.. respectively.
chinese even stayed here in the philippines until now. maybe feng shui(dont know the spelling) tells them that they are lucky here in the philippines.
english spanish
-ice -yelo(hielo)
-chair -silya
-table -mesa
*these are just examples but theres a lot more. like in counting... uno, dos, tres, quatro, cinco, sais, siete, otso, nuebe.. so on and so fort.. which is one, two, three, four,.. respectively.
chinese even stayed here in the philippines until now. maybe feng shui(dont know the spelling) tells them that they are lucky here in the philippines.
Albanian is a "mixture of languages" like no other -
The grammatical categories of Albanian are much like those of other European languages. Nouns show overt gender, number, and three or four cases. An unusual feature is that nouns are further inflected obligatorily with suffixes to show definite or indefinite meaning; e.g., buk' "bread," buka "the bread." Adjectives--except numerals and certain quantifying expressions--and dependent nouns follow the noun they modify; and they are remarkable in requiring a particle preceding them that agrees with the noun. Thus, in nj' burr' i madh, meaning "a big man," burr' "man" is modified by madh "big," which is preceded by i, which agrees with the term for "man"; likewise, in dy burra t' m'dhenj"two big men," m'dhenj, the plural masculine form for "big," follows the noun burra "men" and is preceded by a particle t' that agrees with the noun. Verbs have roughly the number and variety of forms found in French or Italian and are quite irregular in forming their stems. Noun plurals are also notable for the irregularity of a large number of them. When a definite noun or one taken as already known is the direct object of the sentence, a pronoun in the objective case that repeats this information must also be inserted in the verb phrase; e.g., i-a dhash' librin atij is literally "him-it I-gave the-book to-him," which in standard English would be "I gave the book to him." In general, the grammar and formal distinctions of Albanian are reminiscent of Modern Greek and the Romance languages, especially of Romanian. The sounds suggest Hungarian or Greek, but Gheg with its nasal vowels strikes the ear as distinctive. Although Albanian has a host of borrowings from its neighbours, it shows exceedingly few evidences of contact with ancient Greek; one such is the Gheg moken; (Tosk mok'r) "millstone," from the Greek mekhane'. Obviously close contacts with the Romans gave many Latin loans; e.g., mik "friend," from Latin amicus; k'ndoj "sing, read" from cantare. Furthermore, such loanwords in Albanian attest to the similarities in development of the Latin spoken in the Balkans and of Romanian, a Balkan Romance tongue. For example, Latin paludem "swamp" became padulem, and then padure in Romanian and pyll in Albanian, both with a modified meaning, "forest."
Conversely, Romanian also shares some apparently non-Latin indigenous terms with Albanian; e.g., Romanian brad, Albanian bredh "fir." Thus these two languages reflect special historical contacts of early date. Early communication with the Goths presumably contributed tirq "trousers, breeches" (from an old compound "thigh-breech"), while early Slavic contacts gave gozhd' "nail." Many Italian, Turkish, Modern Greek, Serbian, and Macedonian-Slav loans can be attributed to cultural contacts of the past 500 years with Venetians, Ottomans, Greeks (to the south), and Slavs (to the east).
A fair number of features--e.g., the formation of the future tense and of the noun phrase--are shared with other languages of the Balkans but are of obscure origin and development; Albanian or its earlier kin could easily be the source for at least some of these. The study of such regional features in the Balkans has become a classic case for research on the phenomena of linguistic diffusion.
Provided by Andi ,omo
The grammatical categories of Albanian are much like those of other European languages. Nouns show overt gender, number, and three or four cases. An unusual feature is that nouns are further inflected obligatorily with suffixes to show definite or indefinite meaning; e.g., buk' "bread," buka "the bread." Adjectives--except numerals and certain quantifying expressions--and dependent nouns follow the noun they modify; and they are remarkable in requiring a particle preceding them that agrees with the noun. Thus, in nj' burr' i madh, meaning "a big man," burr' "man" is modified by madh "big," which is preceded by i, which agrees with the term for "man"; likewise, in dy burra t' m'dhenj"two big men," m'dhenj, the plural masculine form for "big," follows the noun burra "men" and is preceded by a particle t' that agrees with the noun. Verbs have roughly the number and variety of forms found in French or Italian and are quite irregular in forming their stems. Noun plurals are also notable for the irregularity of a large number of them. When a definite noun or one taken as already known is the direct object of the sentence, a pronoun in the objective case that repeats this information must also be inserted in the verb phrase; e.g., i-a dhash' librin atij is literally "him-it I-gave the-book to-him," which in standard English would be "I gave the book to him." In general, the grammar and formal distinctions of Albanian are reminiscent of Modern Greek and the Romance languages, especially of Romanian. The sounds suggest Hungarian or Greek, but Gheg with its nasal vowels strikes the ear as distinctive. Although Albanian has a host of borrowings from its neighbours, it shows exceedingly few evidences of contact with ancient Greek; one such is the Gheg moken; (Tosk mok'r) "millstone," from the Greek mekhane'. Obviously close contacts with the Romans gave many Latin loans; e.g., mik "friend," from Latin amicus; k'ndoj "sing, read" from cantare. Furthermore, such loanwords in Albanian attest to the similarities in development of the Latin spoken in the Balkans and of Romanian, a Balkan Romance tongue. For example, Latin paludem "swamp" became padulem, and then padure in Romanian and pyll in Albanian, both with a modified meaning, "forest."
Conversely, Romanian also shares some apparently non-Latin indigenous terms with Albanian; e.g., Romanian brad, Albanian bredh "fir." Thus these two languages reflect special historical contacts of early date. Early communication with the Goths presumably contributed tirq "trousers, breeches" (from an old compound "thigh-breech"), while early Slavic contacts gave gozhd' "nail." Many Italian, Turkish, Modern Greek, Serbian, and Macedonian-Slav loans can be attributed to cultural contacts of the past 500 years with Venetians, Ottomans, Greeks (to the south), and Slavs (to the east).
A fair number of features--e.g., the formation of the future tense and of the noun phrase--are shared with other languages of the Balkans but are of obscure origin and development; Albanian or its earlier kin could easily be the source for at least some of these. The study of such regional features in the Balkans has become a classic case for research on the phenomena of linguistic diffusion.
Provided by Andi ,omo
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