ASTURIAN (Asturianu, or bable,) is a Romance language of the West Iberian group, Astur-Leonese Subgroup, spoken in the Spanish province of Asturias by the Asturian people. In Asturias, even though it is not an official language, it is protected under the Autonomous Statute legislation and is an optional language at schools. As part of the Astur-leonese group, Asturian was formerly considered an informal dialect (basilect) of Spanish. In 1906, however, Ramón Menéndez Pidal showed that the language was a result of Latin evolution in the northern part of the Kingdom of León (910–1301) (successor to the former Kingdom of Asturias 718–925). Nowadays it is considered a separate language.
Status
Much effort has been made since 1974 to protect and promote Asturian. In 1994, there were 100,000 first language speakers, and 450,000 second language speakers able to speak or understand Asturian. However, the situation of Asturian is critical, with a large decline in the number of speakers in the last 100 years.
At the end of the 20th century, the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana made efforts to provide the language with most of the tools needed by a language to ensure its survival: a grammar, a dictionary, and periodicals. A new generation of Asturian writers have also championed the language. These developments give the Asturian language a greater hope of survival.
Linguistic areas of Asturias, attending only to scientific criteria.
Internet
Many internet pages use the Asturian language; the councils pages, the music groups pages and more. In this area, Ubuntu has the Asturian language as a normal language in their programs for computers.
Education
Although Spanish (Castellano) is the official language used in all schools in Asturias, children are offered optional classes in the Asturian Language from the age of 6. Also, with the new Bologna process people will be able to study Asturian Philology in the same way as Spanish Philology[citation needed], and school-teachers will be able to do a speciality in the Asturian language. But these two possibilities can only be studied in the University of Oviedo (Asturias).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_language
Sample Text:
L'asturianu ye una llingua romance, románica o neollatina, ye dicir, que ye resultáu de la tresformación del llatín faláu n'Asturies dende la época romana.
L'asturianu tien dellos nomes. Estos son los que s'empleguen nos testos llegales del Principáu d'Asturies:
-Asturianu, que ye la denominación histórica, tradicional y popular.
-Bable, un nome que se conoz dende finales del sieglu XVIII y que tamién ye mui usáu.
-Llingua asturiana, denominación usada dende'l sieglu XVII.
El territoriu onde se fala l'asturianu ye prácticamente'l de toa Asturies, a nun ser la zona más occidental, al oeste del ríu Navia, onde se fala gallego-asturianu. Na Edá Media, la continuidá del Reinu d'Asturies nel Reinu de Lleón y la so estensión pal Sur fizo que la llingua s'espardiere tamién nesa dirección. L'asturiano-lleonés fálase tamién en comarques del Norte y Oeste de Lleón, na zona occidental de Zamora y na comarca de Miranda del Douro, nel Noreste de Portugal.
D'acordies coles distintes encuestes sociollingüístiques feches n'Asturies dende l'añu 1977 hasta'l 2002, n'Asturies falen asturianu unes 250.000 persones, ye dicir, la cuarta parte d'una población d'un millón d'habitantes. Poro, l'asturianu ye una llingua minoritaria dientro d'Asturies, pero con un númberu apreciable de falantes.
Como otres llingües romániques de la Península Ibérica, l'asturianu formóse a lo llargo de los sieglos VIII a X de la nuestra era nel vieyu Reinu d'Asturies, depués convertíu en Reinu de Lleón. L'asturianu -en xunto col llatín- foi la llingua usada en toa mena de documentos xurídicos y alministrativos. A partir de los sieglos XIII y XIV, el castellanu garra mayor influencia, sustituyendo pasu ente pasu al asturianu nel usu oficial, anque non nel ámbitu priváu. De magar el sieglu XVIII, l'asturianu entra nun procesu de desprestixu y retroceso lentu nel usu social, acentuáu nel sieglu XX. A partir de 1975 emprimen los modernos proyectos de dignificación y recuperación llingüística, que desarrollaron cambios y innovaciones importantes nos ámbitos de la lliteratura, la música, la investigación llingüística, la enseñanza y no tocante a la so presencia nel espaciu públicu.
http://www.politicallinguistica.org/llinguesdasturies.php
ARAGONESE (pronounced /ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/ in English, aragonés in Spanish), is a Romance language now spoken in a number of local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people over the valleys of the Aragón River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon. It is also colloquially known as fabla (literally, "speech") and is the only remaining speech form derived from medieval Navarro-Aragonese dialects.
During the rule of Francisco Franco in the twentieth century and the spreading of compulsory schooling, Aragonese was regarded as a mere dialect of Spanish, and therefore was frowned upon (for example, pupils were punished in schools for using it).
Then, the constitutional democracy voted by the people in 1978 also meant the debut of literary works and studies conducted in and about the Aragonese language.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_language
Sample Text:
L’aragonés ye un patrimonio cultural d’o mesmo ran que castiellos, catedrals, cuadros, retablos, etz. Un patrimonio que nos enriquexe a toz os
aragoneses. Pero, por a indiferenzia de l’Almenistrazión Publica aragonesa y tamién por a cultura mercantilista en cuala bibimos -que
nomás balura os biens que produzen riqueza economica á escape-, ista luenga ye en periglo de disaparixer.
Dende Fablans queremos que l’aragonés contine estando parti d’o nuestro patrimonio. Por ixo femos cursos, amostrando ista luenga a la poblazión adulta, siñalando los repuis lingüisticos aragoneses conserbaus en a nuestra traza de fablar castellán, fazilitando l’alquisizión
de competenzias que permitan poder relazionar-se con a cultura que s’esprisa en aragonés, amillorando a conzenzia sobre a luenga.
Ya fa más d’una cuartalada de sieglo que semos treballado por l’aragonés en Zaragoza. Dimpués tamién faziemos cursos
en atros lugars d’Aragón. Pero estió en Alto Galligo, Zinco Billas, Chazetania y Teruel an se i plegón a fer collas de chens que
querión treballar por l’Aragonés con nusatros y entre toz creyemos a Federazión de Ligallos de Fablans de l’Aragonés.
En Zaragoza, dende fa ya zinco añadas semos organizando los cursos en diferens bicos de a ziudá, con a intinzión d’amanar l’amostranza
de l’aragonés a la ziudadanía.
En l’autualidá bi’n ha cursos en o Zentro, Rey Fernando, Almozara y Delizias.
(Si belún ye interesau en que se’n faiga en atro bico puede meter-se en contauto con nusatros.)
http://fablans.org/?p=75
The LEONESE language (llengua llionesa, in Leonese; often called, for smaller areas, by traditional names corresponding to those areas, such as cabreirés, senabrés, paḷḷuezu, etc.) is the term used to refer to all vernacular Romance dialects of the Astur-Leonese linguistic group in the Spanish provinces of León and Zamora; Astur-Leonese also includes the dialects of Asturian in Asturias and the Mirandese language of Miranda do Douro in Portugal. Leonese has no written policy officially regulated. Some associations have proposed a standard, different from those existing in the rest of the linguistic domain (such as that applicable in Asturias, regulated by the Academy of the Asturian Language, or the Lhéngua Mirandesa Anstituto applicable to Miranda of Miranda do Douro). On the other hand, other Leonese writers and associations intend to follow the spelling rules of the Academy of the Asturian Language.
The term Leonese has also been used historically by some authors to refer to the whole linguistic region, which extends from Cantabria to Extremadura and is known primarily as the Astur-Leonese linguistic group. Some authors speak of a Leonese language or historical dialect from Latin, and of Asturian and Mirandese as co-dialects of Leonese.
The varieties of Spanish spoken in most of the old province of León (which includes the modern provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca) share some traits with Leonese.
Education
At the end of the 1990s, several associations unofficially promoted Leonese language courses. In 2001, the Universidad de León (University of León) created a course for teachers of Leonese, and local and provincial governments developed Leonese language courses for adults. Nowadays, Leonese can be studied in the most important villages of León, Zamora and Salamanca provinces in El Fueyu Courses, after the signing of an agreement between the Leonese Provincial Government and this organization. The Leonese Language Teachers and Monitors Association (Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa) was created in 2008 for the promotion of Leonese language activities.
Schools
Leonese language lessons started in 2008 with two schools, and are currentlytaught in sixteen schools in León city in 2008-2009, promoted by the Leonese Local Government's Department for Education. This Leonese language course is for pupils in their 5th and 6th year of Primary School (children 11 and 12 years old), where Leonese is taught along with Leonese culture.
Adults
In the 2008-2009 course 107 persons are studying Leonese in the Municipality of León. There are five levels for adults in the official courses organized by the Department for Leonese Culture of the Leonese City Council.
Legal status
I Festival Internacional de Televisión y Cine Históricu Reinu de Llión, in Leonese language
Official status
Leonese had official status, along with English, in the XXIX World Armwrestling Championship that was celebrated in León in 2009.
The "I Festival Internacional Reinu de Llión" had its name in Leonese and together with Spanish and English, was one of the official languages of the event.
International
The Linguasphere code for Leonese language is 51-AAA-cc.
Autonomous community status
Leonese language was recognised as a seriously endangered language by UNESCO in 2006. The legal reference to this language is in the Autonomy Statute of Castile and León: "Leonese will be a subject of specific protection by the institutions, due to its particular value in the Community's linguistic patrimony. Its protection, use and promotion will be subject of regulamentation".
Provincial
The Province of León government supports the knowledge of this language through courses, by celebrating "Leonese Language Days" and by sponsoring literary efforts in Leonese, such as Cuentos del Sil.
Local
Official Press Conference for promoting "Jazz Feichu en Llión"
Leonese Local Government uses Leonese in its official web site. Leonese is also present in some of its bureaus, such as Education, Leonese Culture and New Technologies, and it organizes courses for adults. In 2007 they organized the Leonese Language Day where a wide variety of activities were officially advertised in Leonese.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonese
Sample Text:
La Asociación de Profesores y Monitores en Llingua Llïonesa (APMLL) ye una asociación de la Llingua Llïonesa qu'integra a profesores y monitores qu'adeprenden la llingua. Fou fundada en 2007 en Llión y tien miembros nas tres provincias del Reinu, Llión, Zamora y Salamanca.
N'estos dous años dende la creyación, participamos en deillas autividaes pula promoción de la Llingua Llïonesa, cumu pur exemplu, el III Día de la Llingua Llïonesa en 2008 ou'l Día de la Llingua materna de 2009, robrandu un comunicáu conxuntu cun outras asociaciones en defensa de la nuesa llingua.
http://www.apmll.org/
Status
Much effort has been made since 1974 to protect and promote Asturian. In 1994, there were 100,000 first language speakers, and 450,000 second language speakers able to speak or understand Asturian. However, the situation of Asturian is critical, with a large decline in the number of speakers in the last 100 years.
At the end of the 20th century, the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana made efforts to provide the language with most of the tools needed by a language to ensure its survival: a grammar, a dictionary, and periodicals. A new generation of Asturian writers have also championed the language. These developments give the Asturian language a greater hope of survival.
Linguistic areas of Asturias, attending only to scientific criteria.
Internet
Many internet pages use the Asturian language; the councils pages, the music groups pages and more. In this area, Ubuntu has the Asturian language as a normal language in their programs for computers.
Education
Although Spanish (Castellano) is the official language used in all schools in Asturias, children are offered optional classes in the Asturian Language from the age of 6. Also, with the new Bologna process people will be able to study Asturian Philology in the same way as Spanish Philology[citation needed], and school-teachers will be able to do a speciality in the Asturian language. But these two possibilities can only be studied in the University of Oviedo (Asturias).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_language
Sample Text:
L'asturianu ye una llingua romance, románica o neollatina, ye dicir, que ye resultáu de la tresformación del llatín faláu n'Asturies dende la época romana.
L'asturianu tien dellos nomes. Estos son los que s'empleguen nos testos llegales del Principáu d'Asturies:
-Asturianu, que ye la denominación histórica, tradicional y popular.
-Bable, un nome que se conoz dende finales del sieglu XVIII y que tamién ye mui usáu.
-Llingua asturiana, denominación usada dende'l sieglu XVII.
El territoriu onde se fala l'asturianu ye prácticamente'l de toa Asturies, a nun ser la zona más occidental, al oeste del ríu Navia, onde se fala gallego-asturianu. Na Edá Media, la continuidá del Reinu d'Asturies nel Reinu de Lleón y la so estensión pal Sur fizo que la llingua s'espardiere tamién nesa dirección. L'asturiano-lleonés fálase tamién en comarques del Norte y Oeste de Lleón, na zona occidental de Zamora y na comarca de Miranda del Douro, nel Noreste de Portugal.
D'acordies coles distintes encuestes sociollingüístiques feches n'Asturies dende l'añu 1977 hasta'l 2002, n'Asturies falen asturianu unes 250.000 persones, ye dicir, la cuarta parte d'una población d'un millón d'habitantes. Poro, l'asturianu ye una llingua minoritaria dientro d'Asturies, pero con un númberu apreciable de falantes.
Como otres llingües romániques de la Península Ibérica, l'asturianu formóse a lo llargo de los sieglos VIII a X de la nuestra era nel vieyu Reinu d'Asturies, depués convertíu en Reinu de Lleón. L'asturianu -en xunto col llatín- foi la llingua usada en toa mena de documentos xurídicos y alministrativos. A partir de los sieglos XIII y XIV, el castellanu garra mayor influencia, sustituyendo pasu ente pasu al asturianu nel usu oficial, anque non nel ámbitu priváu. De magar el sieglu XVIII, l'asturianu entra nun procesu de desprestixu y retroceso lentu nel usu social, acentuáu nel sieglu XX. A partir de 1975 emprimen los modernos proyectos de dignificación y recuperación llingüística, que desarrollaron cambios y innovaciones importantes nos ámbitos de la lliteratura, la música, la investigación llingüística, la enseñanza y no tocante a la so presencia nel espaciu públicu.
http://www.politicallinguistica.org/llinguesdasturies.php
ARAGONESE (pronounced /ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/ in English, aragonés in Spanish), is a Romance language now spoken in a number of local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people over the valleys of the Aragón River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon. It is also colloquially known as fabla (literally, "speech") and is the only remaining speech form derived from medieval Navarro-Aragonese dialects.
During the rule of Francisco Franco in the twentieth century and the spreading of compulsory schooling, Aragonese was regarded as a mere dialect of Spanish, and therefore was frowned upon (for example, pupils were punished in schools for using it).
Then, the constitutional democracy voted by the people in 1978 also meant the debut of literary works and studies conducted in and about the Aragonese language.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_language
Sample Text:
L’aragonés ye un patrimonio cultural d’o mesmo ran que castiellos, catedrals, cuadros, retablos, etz. Un patrimonio que nos enriquexe a toz os
aragoneses. Pero, por a indiferenzia de l’Almenistrazión Publica aragonesa y tamién por a cultura mercantilista en cuala bibimos -que
nomás balura os biens que produzen riqueza economica á escape-, ista luenga ye en periglo de disaparixer.
Dende Fablans queremos que l’aragonés contine estando parti d’o nuestro patrimonio. Por ixo femos cursos, amostrando ista luenga a la poblazión adulta, siñalando los repuis lingüisticos aragoneses conserbaus en a nuestra traza de fablar castellán, fazilitando l’alquisizión
de competenzias que permitan poder relazionar-se con a cultura que s’esprisa en aragonés, amillorando a conzenzia sobre a luenga.
Ya fa más d’una cuartalada de sieglo que semos treballado por l’aragonés en Zaragoza. Dimpués tamién faziemos cursos
en atros lugars d’Aragón. Pero estió en Alto Galligo, Zinco Billas, Chazetania y Teruel an se i plegón a fer collas de chens que
querión treballar por l’Aragonés con nusatros y entre toz creyemos a Federazión de Ligallos de Fablans de l’Aragonés.
En Zaragoza, dende fa ya zinco añadas semos organizando los cursos en diferens bicos de a ziudá, con a intinzión d’amanar l’amostranza
de l’aragonés a la ziudadanía.
En l’autualidá bi’n ha cursos en o Zentro, Rey Fernando, Almozara y Delizias.
(Si belún ye interesau en que se’n faiga en atro bico puede meter-se en contauto con nusatros.)
http://fablans.org/?p=75
The LEONESE language (llengua llionesa, in Leonese; often called, for smaller areas, by traditional names corresponding to those areas, such as cabreirés, senabrés, paḷḷuezu, etc.) is the term used to refer to all vernacular Romance dialects of the Astur-Leonese linguistic group in the Spanish provinces of León and Zamora; Astur-Leonese also includes the dialects of Asturian in Asturias and the Mirandese language of Miranda do Douro in Portugal. Leonese has no written policy officially regulated. Some associations have proposed a standard, different from those existing in the rest of the linguistic domain (such as that applicable in Asturias, regulated by the Academy of the Asturian Language, or the Lhéngua Mirandesa Anstituto applicable to Miranda of Miranda do Douro). On the other hand, other Leonese writers and associations intend to follow the spelling rules of the Academy of the Asturian Language.
The term Leonese has also been used historically by some authors to refer to the whole linguistic region, which extends from Cantabria to Extremadura and is known primarily as the Astur-Leonese linguistic group. Some authors speak of a Leonese language or historical dialect from Latin, and of Asturian and Mirandese as co-dialects of Leonese.
The varieties of Spanish spoken in most of the old province of León (which includes the modern provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca) share some traits with Leonese.
Education
At the end of the 1990s, several associations unofficially promoted Leonese language courses. In 2001, the Universidad de León (University of León) created a course for teachers of Leonese, and local and provincial governments developed Leonese language courses for adults. Nowadays, Leonese can be studied in the most important villages of León, Zamora and Salamanca provinces in El Fueyu Courses, after the signing of an agreement between the Leonese Provincial Government and this organization. The Leonese Language Teachers and Monitors Association (Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa) was created in 2008 for the promotion of Leonese language activities.
Schools
Leonese language lessons started in 2008 with two schools, and are currentlytaught in sixteen schools in León city in 2008-2009, promoted by the Leonese Local Government's Department for Education. This Leonese language course is for pupils in their 5th and 6th year of Primary School (children 11 and 12 years old), where Leonese is taught along with Leonese culture.
Adults
In the 2008-2009 course 107 persons are studying Leonese in the Municipality of León. There are five levels for adults in the official courses organized by the Department for Leonese Culture of the Leonese City Council.
Legal status
I Festival Internacional de Televisión y Cine Históricu Reinu de Llión, in Leonese language
Official status
Leonese had official status, along with English, in the XXIX World Armwrestling Championship that was celebrated in León in 2009.
The "I Festival Internacional Reinu de Llión" had its name in Leonese and together with Spanish and English, was one of the official languages of the event.
International
The Linguasphere code for Leonese language is 51-AAA-cc.
Autonomous community status
Leonese language was recognised as a seriously endangered language by UNESCO in 2006. The legal reference to this language is in the Autonomy Statute of Castile and León: "Leonese will be a subject of specific protection by the institutions, due to its particular value in the Community's linguistic patrimony. Its protection, use and promotion will be subject of regulamentation".
Provincial
The Province of León government supports the knowledge of this language through courses, by celebrating "Leonese Language Days" and by sponsoring literary efforts in Leonese, such as Cuentos del Sil.
Local
Official Press Conference for promoting "Jazz Feichu en Llión"
Leonese Local Government uses Leonese in its official web site. Leonese is also present in some of its bureaus, such as Education, Leonese Culture and New Technologies, and it organizes courses for adults. In 2007 they organized the Leonese Language Day where a wide variety of activities were officially advertised in Leonese.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonese
Sample Text:
La Asociación de Profesores y Monitores en Llingua Llïonesa (APMLL) ye una asociación de la Llingua Llïonesa qu'integra a profesores y monitores qu'adeprenden la llingua. Fou fundada en 2007 en Llión y tien miembros nas tres provincias del Reinu, Llión, Zamora y Salamanca.
N'estos dous años dende la creyación, participamos en deillas autividaes pula promoción de la Llingua Llïonesa, cumu pur exemplu, el III Día de la Llingua Llïonesa en 2008 ou'l Día de la Llingua materna de 2009, robrandu un comunicáu conxuntu cun outras asociaciones en defensa de la nuesa llingua.
http://www.apmll.org/