The Gaulish looks like to Latin!

A-S   Wed Jun 13, 2007 4:55 pm GMT
Little summary: Gaulish was a celtic language located in the actual France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Northern-Italia.

Contrary to many opinions on the Gaulish, it wasn’t an apparently unpronounceable and very cacophonous language in writing as the celtic Welsh or some Germanic languages.
Niente! The Gaulish is a language which looks like the Latin, still Greek or something like that.As Gaulish was quite similar to Latin it was quickly assimilated as early as the last centuries B.C. within this very large language area. Popular Latin borrowed many words from Gaulish. Their language system is what is called "Classical Celtic": it was very close to the Italic group of tongues, and Julius Caesar even had to write his letters to his legates in Greek for Gaulish leaders not to be able to read them if they might happen to gain hold of these missives. He did so because Latin could be understood by Celts quite well without having had to study it.

Example, the word “king” between Gaulish and Latin is quasi-similar latin “rex”, Gaulish “rix” (the name of Vercingetorix the unique united Gallia chief means “ver-…-rix”= over-king, “Cingetos” warriors= The highest king of Warriors.


Phonologically, the Gaulish language looked like almost completely to Latin.
• Vowels:
o short: a, e, i, o u
o long: ā, ē, ī, (ō), ū
o diphthongs: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
• Semivowels: w (“v” pronounced /w/ as Latin), y
• Occlusives:
o voiceless: p, t, k
o voiced: b, d, g
• Resonants
o nasals: m, n
o liquids r, l
• Sibilant: s
• Affricate: ts


Grammatically too, Gaulish has many noun cases: Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, and Locative; like Latin.


And the Vocabulary? Little of words which we know have apparently common previous history with the Latin. yes, Gaulish is a celtic language too, and the correspondence with the other Celtic languages proves it, but the Gaul would be more an intermediary between the Gaelic and the Romanic groups.
Words:
1. cintus, cintuxos (Welsh cynt "before, in front", Breton kent "in front", Old Irish céta, Modern Irish céad "first")
2. allos (Welsh ail, Breton eil, OIr aile 'other', Modern Irish eile)
3. tritios (Welsh trydydd, Breton trede, OIr treide, Modern Irish treas)
4. petuarios (Welsh pedwerydd, Breton pevare, OIr cethramad)
5. pinpetos (Welsh pumed, Breton pempet, OIr cóiced)
6. suexos (maybe mistaken for suextos, Welsh chweched, Breton c'hwec'hved, OIr seissed)
7. sextametos (Welsh seithfed, Breton seizhved, OIr sechtmad)
8. oxtumetos (Welsh wythfed, Breton eizhved, OIr ochtmad)
9. nametos (Welsh nawfed, Breton naved, OIr nómad)
10. decametos, decometos (Welsh degfed, Breton degvet, OIr dechmad, Celtiberian dekametam)

We conclude the resemblance with the other gaelic languages, but with latin too: The ordinal numerals in Latin are prímus (gaulish cintus), secundus/alter (allos), tertius (tritios), quártus (petuarios), quíntus (pinpetos), sextus (suexos), septimus (sextametos), octávus (oxtumetos), nónus (nametos), decimus (decametos), why that? The indo-european origins certainly.

“The ancient Gaulish language was closer to Latin than modern Gaelic languages are to modern Romance languages..”


Gaulish Sentences:
Ratin briuatiom frontu tarbetisonios ie(i)uru
"F.T. dedicated the board of the bridge."

sioxt-i albanos panna(s) extra tuð(on) CCC
"A. added them, vessels beyond the allotment (in the amount of) 300."

to-me-declai obalda natina .
O., (their) dear daughter, set me up."

atom teuoxtonion
"The border of gods and men."

toutious Namausatis
"citizen of Nîmes"


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_language

I think that: The Gallia's Latin which became French, inherited with the time unique peculiarities: Nasalisation, appearance of vowels, etc., but it would not came from the Gaul.

What do you think of it?
Guest   Wed Jun 13, 2007 5:17 pm GMT
A-S, very informative. Did the Cisalpine Gauls, who inhabited Northern Italy, leave any Celtic traces of their speech in todays Northern Italian dialects such as Lombard, Piemontese, or Emilian-Romagnol? If so, could you give me some examples?
A-S   Wed Jun 13, 2007 5:35 pm GMT
Thanks!

I don't know nothing about Cisalpine Gauls, but there are good informations in Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul


Also, I can say one thing about this map: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png

There is one error, a big error!
Belgica, Celtica, Narbonensis, Gallia Cisalpina and Helvetia, all were formated by gallia's tribes, except for Aquitania, here it was the Aquitanis or Vasconums (proto-basques) tribes, unrelated to the Celtics and Romans.
And according to periods these people lived in a vaster territory: a part of Narbonensis as Tolosa current Toulouse, territories surrounding Montpellier, the Poitou (In the North of Aquitaine), the Pyrenean massifs, and maybe territories until Tours city, without counting the Hispania's territories as Catalonia (Iberian), the Ebro valley, Cantabrica...
A-S   Thu Jun 14, 2007 8:38 am GMT
<<Phonologically, the Gaulish language looked like almost completely to Latin.
• Vowels:
o short: a, e, i, o u
o long: ā, ē, ī, (ō), ū
o diphthongs: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
• Semivowels: w (“v” pronounced /w/ as Latin), y
• Occlusives:
o voiceless: p, t, k
o voiced: b, d, g
• Resonants
o nasals: m, n
o liquids r, l
• Sibilant: s
• Affricate: ts
>>

About the pronounciation:
For example Vercingetorix was pronounced [wEːkINEtor\Iks] in Gaulish, the gaulish "r" was an alveolar approximant (aspired) as several dialectal English "R"! This form is very uncommon, in English now both r and wr are labialized at the start of a syllable, as in "red". That is the only "Big" difference between Gaulish and Latin on the pronounciation.

The Gaulish pronounciation moved with Time:
The diphthongs all transformed over the course of the historical period. Ai and oi collapsed into long ī; eu merged with ou, both becoming long ō. Ei became long ē early on. In general, long diphthongs became short diphthongs and then collapsed into long vowels.

Other transformations include the transformation of unstressed i into e. Ln became ll, a stop + s became ss, and a nasal + velar became /ng/ + velar.
Roberto   Thu Jun 14, 2007 8:59 am GMT
The question remains: why Gaulish has dissapeared within only a few centuries after Caesars conquest and without leaving considerable traces in antique Latin?
A-S   Thu Jun 14, 2007 10:09 am GMT
<<The question remains: why Gaulish has dissapeared within only a few centuries after Caesars conquest and without leaving considerable traces in antique Latin? >>

Due to the Gaulish-Latin likenesses (see my article in the top). Gaulish was very similar to Latin, and the people learnt Latin very fastly. It's my opinion.
A-S   Thu Jun 14, 2007 11:55 am GMT
<<Latin and Celtic both belong to a larger Italo-Celtic branch in the Indo-European family along with Lepontic (spoken in parts of northern Italy and Yugoslavia) , Sabine, Oscan, Umbrian, Veneti (formerly in Venice) and Sikuli (formerly spoken in Sicily). >>


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Centum_Satem_map.png

Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areas. The supposed area of origin of satemization is shown in darker red ( Sintashta/Abashevo/Srubna cultures).

Indo-european invasions (-4000,-1000 BC):
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/IE_expansion.png

The men who built Stonehenge (Britain):
http://www.wg32.net/~willy/Scenic/1024x768/carnac-1024x768.jpg

Where certainly the same people in Karnag (Brittany):
http://www.puzzlehouse.com/images/webpage/stonehenge.jpeg

Or in Okabe and Iraty (Basque Country):
http://kaskoleta.free.fr/images/cromlechs_okabe.jpg

And Filitosa (Corsica):
http://www.cargese.net/images/cargese01/activites/visites/decouvertes_region/filitosa/filitosa1.jpg


During the Indo-European expansion, Western Europe was already inhabited, by who? The proto-indoeuropeans. Who are they? We don't know well, some archeologic rests prove that Europe was already inhabitated 40,000 or 70,000 years ago (Lascaux or Altamira caves, Dordogne frescoes...) http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lascaux-salle-des-taureaux.jpg


I-E tribes:

late Proto-Indo-European language in the Kurgan framework
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IE5500BP.png

mid-3rd millennium BC distribution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IE4500BP.png

mid 2nd millennium BC distribution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IE3500BP.png

distribution around 250 BC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IE2500BP.png

post- Roman Empire and Migrations period distribution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IE1500BP.png

Only ONE proto-indoeuropean people survived against the Indo-European expansion in Europe: The Basques (without counting Caucasia), after other peoples as Ouralians (none indo-europeans) went in central-Europe as Hungarians but them aren't "autochtonous" people.
Guest   Sat Jun 16, 2007 1:34 pm GMT
exactly.