French VS Italian

Jr   Sat Mar 11, 2006 8:03 am GMT
Sorin? Were you there? Where is your proof?


"Origin and History of the Romanian Language"

Rumanian is picturesquely described either as a barbarized Latin or as a Latinized barbarian tongue. Undoubtedly, such extremely diverging definitions reflect the complicated problem to find out a consistent explanation of its emergence and evolution. The official thesis supported in contemporary Rumania states that Rumanian developed from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman colonists who settled Dacia (modern Transylvania) after its conquest by emperor Trajan in 106 AD. Though the Roman legions abandoned the area in 271 under the pressure of the barbarians, a portion of the Romanized population could survive, as shepherds and primitive farmers, in the Carpathian mountains. In the 9th century, when conditions settled, these Romance-speaking people gradually reoccupied Transylvania. In the late 13th century they moved eastward and established the principalities of Wallachia (1290) and Moldova (1349).
The Vlachs concentrated in the south-western parts of the Balkans, mainly in the regions around modern Albania. There they could escape not only the invadors, but also the effective control of the Byzantine authorities. In the course of the centuries the Vlachs absorbed a lot of outlaws, mainly of Slavic origin. After the invasions ceased, the Vlachs began migrating northward. In the 9th-10th centuries they were present in the mountains of the First Bulgarian empire (681-1018), which dominated the inner continental area of the Balkan peninsula. Evidently in this period they adopted for their liturgy the Old Church Slavonic, the official language of medieval Bulgaria. The close and continuous contacts with the Slavic milieu left a profound impact on the vocabulary and phonology of their language.
It is possible that the Vlachs were forced by the Bulgarian emperors to move northward of the Danube and thus to reach Transylvania, which, since the end of the 9th century, was in Hungarian hands. Settling there, the Vlachs gradually outnumbered the other nationalities, making the area a homeland of their own. From Transylvania they penetrated eastward of the Carpathians and established the principalities of Wallachia and Moldova. In these countries Old Church Slavonic was used as official language till the 18th century.

The migrations had as a result that the unity of the Eastern Romance language was broken and between 500 and 1000 AD there developped several distinct tongues:

Arumanian (technically known also as Macedo-Rumanian), spoken in scattered communities in Albania, Epirus, Thessaly and Macedonia;
Megleno-Rumanian around the city of Meglena in Southern Macedonia (now in Greece);
Dalmatian along the northeastern shore of the Adriatic sea, mainly in Ragusa (Dubrovnik);
Istro-Rumanian on the Istrian peninsula in the far north-western corner of the Balkan region;
Daco-Rumanian (or Rumanian proper) in the area to the north of the Danube (Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldova).

The first known Daco-Rumanian text is a letter written in 1521 to a judge of Braşov, though some manuscript translations of religious texts show Transylvanian dialect features and may be earlier. The language was written in Cyrillic alphabet and the Vlachs of this period, being Eastern Orthodox, identified themselves to a great extent with Slavdom. Italian travellers in eastern Europe noticed that the language of the Vlachs contained many Latin words also existing in Italian. Knowing that the Roman Empire once dominated Dacia Traiana, it was supposed that the Vlachs were the descendants of the Romans, who once subdued the Dacians. Only in the early 19th century, however, the idea of Romance identity became popular amongst the Vlachs. In 1859 the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia formed a unified state, that assumed the name of Rumania. The Roman (Latin) alphabet was introduced and there were applied remarkable efforts to Latinize the language, while purging it of Slavisms. The emerging nation turned toward other Romance countries, especially France, for cultural inspiration.
Dialects and Standard Language

The standard language of Rumania is based on the dialect of Wallachia. It was developed in the 17th century mainly by religious writers of the Orthodox church and includes features from a number of dialects, though Bucharest usage now provides the model. Modern Rumanian is fairly homogeneous but shows greater dialectal diversity in the Transylvania.

During the period when Eastern Moldova was incorporated in the former Soviet Union as a federative republic (1939-1991), its language was officially called Moldavian, written in the Russian variant of the Cyrillic alphabet, and held by Soviet scholars to be an independent Romance language. In 1989, however, the script of the Moldavian language was changed again to Latin and thereupon began a heated debate over whether it should be called Rumanian or Moldovan.
Rumanian phonology and grammar have developed in rather different directions from those of most other Romance languages because of the language's relative isolation from other Romance languages and its close contact with the Slavic languages and Hungarian.

Modern Rumanian has seven vowels (he vocal system is considered triangular, as that of Classical Latin and modern Italian and Spanish), and three diphthongs. Stress can occur on any syllable. Varying the stressed syllable can change meaning. The unstressed vowels are slightly reduced in the spoken language and under Slavic influence the initial e is often iotated ([e]=>[je]), though officially this is now considered incorrect except for a few cases.

Historically, Rumanian continues a Latin distinction between long o and short u, fused in most other Romance languages, but, like almost all others, it has lost the Latin distinction between long e and short i.

The sound [] appeared under Slavic influence.

The vocal alternation in the roots is a common phenomenon, cf.:
ea => e
o => oa
e => ea seară evening : seri evenings;
pot (I) can : poate (he) can;
plec (I) go : pleacă (he) goes etc.


Consonant clusters occur at the beginning of syllables, which is unusual among Romance languages.

In consonant clusters there has been a tendency to replace the Latin velar consonants [k] and [g] with labial consonants, such as [p], [b], or [m], cf.:

CL. octo eight => Rum. opt;
CL. aqua water => Rum. apă;
CL. lingua language => Rum. limbă;
CL. cognatum kinsman => Rum. cumnat.
The [l] was often changed to [r], cf.:
CL. sole(m) sun => Rum. soare;
CL. coelum sky => Rum. cer.
The palatalized Latin [k] and [g] are pronounced [t] and [d] in Rumanian; the dentals [t] and [d] were palatalized before [e] and [i] to [ts] (written ţ) and [dz] => [z], cf.:
CL. tenere to hold => Rum. ţine;
CL. dies day => Rum. zi.
See also the Occurrence of Diphthongs Replacing Stressed Short Vowels in Romance Languages
the Development of Latin Intervocalic p and t in Romance Languages.
the Results of Palatalization of Consonant Clusters.


Orthography

Rumanian was initially written in Cyrillic script, untill in 1859 Latin alphabet was instituted. In the early period of using the new alphabet there was a strong etymological bias in the writing system, as the grammarians strived to reflect both the Latin and the Slavic sources. For this reason a lot of diacritical signs were used.

Subsequently, however, orthography was radically simplified and based on mainly phonological principles (1881). Contemporary Rumanian employs diacritics over the vowels a and i (â, ă, î) to modify their pronunciation. In addition, a cedilla is used under the letters s and t (ş, ţ) to represent [] and [ts], respectively.

Grammar

Rumanian has retained a case system. It uses two nominal cases: direct (nominative-accusative) and oblique (genitive-dative). A third and rarely used case, the vocative, is a Slavic influence and is in the process of disappearing. Three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter are distinguished. Four types of articles are used: definite, indefinite, possessive and demonstrative. As in Albanian and Bulgarian, the definite article is suffixed to the nouns or the adjectives (see the table below).
Gender Case & Number With Indefinite Article With Definite Article
Singular Plural Singular Plural
masculine Nom. / Acc. un fiu fii fiul fiii
Gen. / Dat. unui fiu unor fii fiului fiilor
feminine Nom. / Acc. o mamă mame mama mamele
Gen. / Dat. unei mame unor mame mamei mamelor
neuter Nom. / Acc. un scaun scaune scaunul scaunele
Gen. / Dat. unui scaun unor scaune scaunului scaunulor


Verbs have two forms of infinitive:

long (e.g. cântare to sing, from Latin cantâre), used as a verbal noun ("singing") only and not derived from all the verbs;
short (e.g. a cânta, as in modern Bulgarian and Greek languages).
The future tense is formed in two ways:
by a compound of the verb a vrea to wish + the infinitive of the verb: voi cânta I will sing (in the same manner as in the modern Bulgarian);
by the auxiliary verb a avea to have + sa = the subjunctive of the verb: am sa cânt I will sing.
Word order is Subject-Verb-Object, although Object-Verb-Subject also occurs.
See also The Balkan Linguistic Union.

Vocabulary

The function words and inflectional patterns are of Latin origin. The Rumanian language preserved less than 22% of the Pan-Romance word stock (some 107 of a total of 488 words); it is remarkable that the Latin words concerning urban life were entirely absent in Rumanian. Slavic languages (mainly Old Church Slavonic and the dialects of Northern Bulgaria) provided for about 46% of the vocabulary, but since the 19th century there was launched a systematic campaign of introducing Latin and French words, while the Slavic words were purged or become obsolete. Nevertheless, 17% of modern Rumanian vocabulary consists of Slavic words and they give the spoken languge a specific emotional flavor. According to the linguist Alexandru Niculescu "Rumanian is the only Romance language that has failed to preserve amor, carus, amare, sponsa, etc., replacing them by [the Slavic words] dragoste love, drag dear, a iubi to love, nevastă wife, logodnă betrothal, a logodi to betrothe".

Turkish, Greek, Hungarian and Albanian had also provided a lot of words to Rumanian.







It is known that after 106 Dacia was colonized by a few settlers from the Roman provinces in the Near East (mainly Syria) who could use a corrupted version of Latin as a kind of lingua franca to communicate with the administration and the population in the adjacent areas. Evidently in 271 these settlers were moved southward of the Danube, as the Romans established two provinces of the name of Dacia in the territories of the present North-Eastern Serbia and Western Bulgaria. It is noteworthy that Rumanian does not contain words of Dacian origin, while it shares some old-Balkan and non-Latin terms with Albanian. Thus these two languages reflect special historical contacts of early date.

It is not impossible that the ancestors of modern Rumanians were in the late Antiquity slaves and servants engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding for their masters, the rich Roman colonists of the fortified Balkan cities. Supposedly, the two groups communicated in a kind of creolized Latin. In the course of the successive barbarian invasions in the 5th--8th c. the established political and socio-economic order on the Balkans was reversed. The city-dwellers could survive under the protection of the city-walls, but as the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) empire was predominantly a Greek speaking state, they became subsequently Hellenized, while their former slaves and servants fled to the mountains, which were suitable for livestock raising, and preserved the Romance tongue (technically known as Eastern Romance), as evidenced by the fact that the Slavs called them Vlachs. The self-designation as Rumanians, under the etymological form of Romîni, is attested in the 16th century (the texts of Coresi),
Tiffany   Sat Mar 11, 2006 8:24 am GMT
Sorin, while I can sympathize with the fact that you feel ganged up on, your way of "fighting back" does nothing but put you in a bad light. Yes, they have called Romanian "wishy-washy" and you take that as an insult, but for godsakes, try to be a little bigger than they are. All you do nowadays is go around making fun of other Romance languages - even when they are not around. That is a sad that it consumes you so.

This goes out to any of you that feel the need to denigrate another language and by extension its people to make yourselves feel better. It doesn't reflect badly upon the language. It reflects badly upon you.
Sorin   Sat Mar 11, 2006 8:59 am GMT
Dear Tiffany !

That is the real history of the western Romance. 700 years of Forced Latin influence. And the atrocities of the catholic Inquisition existed with repercussions on western Romance linguistics.

Also in 476 the Romans from the West were overthrown by the Barbarians and the political notion of Romania (pertaining of Rome) disappeared there. The notion of Romania was, preserved only in the Eastern Roman empire known as Romania or Byzantium, today known as “Romania” the country of.(pertaining to the Romanic people)

After the retreat of the real Romans that abandoned the WEST and moved EAST, in a barbaric chaos generated by the Vandals, the Catholic Inquisition took over and reshaped and manufactured the western Romance under the protectorate of Medieval Latin. These are facts not rumours or other cultural boycotts.

Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese are indeed beautiful languages, but the inheritance of Vulgar Latin is overthrown by the many classicisms that entered these languages during the Renaissance and 700 years of Medieval Inquisition concluding a Forced latinization.

My way of "fighting back" does nothing but amusing me, slapping back some “latino” ignoramuses that copy-paste some internet junk. The only propose of posting here my dear Tiffany is solely entertainment, as I don’t see any reason in educating some trolls. However thank you for your observation and jovial criticism. But is fun !
Luis Zalot   Sat Mar 11, 2006 9:35 am GMT
The notion of Romania was, preserved only in the Eastern Roman empire known as Romania or Byzantium, today known as “Romania” the country of.(pertaining to the Romanic people)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If it was perserved, how come it took them almost an millenia to realized that? (that it was an latin derived language.) or why didn't
they changed their language earlier? IGNORANCE.

(they just didn't know or forgot about it.)

You guys owe your debt to "Italians" who discovered your "lost" tongue.
And owe your thanks to the French, which you guys obtained "culture" inspiration? So that would mean? That you guys didn't have culture before? Or didn't have a ROMANCE or Neo-latin culture type-wise? Now I know why....they call it Barbaric latin.

The Byzantium Empire was an empire. Not Romania nor Vlachs.
So your telling me that out of all of the "eastern" Roman empire. Romania or moldavian or vlach or whatever it is or was the 'only' last true latin survivor. Secondly it was "never" realized that it was an neo-latin tongue, until Italian settlers or people came along and said "Vostra lingua e come la mia." (in the 19century) And this sparked the "romanian revolution of it's language." and also, to exaggerate on it being the most conversative and oldest. When in reality it's the Newest. Just like Esperanto and Modern Hebrew is, respectively.

It's principal is based on "the roman empire" in the for 200 years of occupation rule. Much scholars and linguistics & historians and I would say "Romania" is more like a "Gyspy" type of Latin. Not based on location, but rather "qui pro quo."
Jr   Sat Mar 11, 2006 9:49 am GMT
I completely agree with you Luis, why did it take them sooooo long to realized that they were an Latin derived tongue?

Albania, also has a vast influence of Latin. But you don't see them Reconstructing their language like Romanian did in the 19th century.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language
Jr   Sat Mar 11, 2006 10:07 am GMT
Something of interest.


English text:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)


Contemporary Romanian -
quoted words are French or Italian loanwords:

Toate fiinţele "-umane-" se nasc "-libere-" şi "-egale-" în demnitate şi în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu "-raţiune-" şi "conştiinţă" şi trebuie să se "-comporte-" unele faţă de altele în "-spiritul-" "-fraternităţii-".


Romanian, excluding French or Italian loanwords - Quoted words are Slavic loanwords:

Toate fiinţele omeneşti se nasc "-slobode-" şi "-deopotrivă-" în
"-destoinicie-" şi în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu cuget şi înţelegere şi "-trebuie-" să se poarte unele faţă de altele după firea frăţiei.


Romanian, excluding loanwords:

Toate fiinţele omeneşti se nasc nesupuse şi asemenea în preţuire şi în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu cuget şi înţelegere şi se cuvine să se poarte unele faţă de altele după firea frăţiei.


note;

The constitution of the Republic of Moldova refers to the country's language as Moldovan rather than Romanian, though in practice it is often called "Romanian". The introduction of the law concerning the functioning of the languages (September 1989), still effective in Moldova according to the Constitution [14], asserts the linguistic identity between the Romanian language and the Moldovan language. [15] For more information, see History of the Moldovan language.
"Milioane de români pe drumul emigrarii" ("Millions of Romanians on the road of emigration"). Evenimentul Zilei, May 10, 2004.

reference from "Rosetti, Alexandru, Istoria limbii române, 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965-1969." Istoria limbii române
Uwe, Hinrichs, Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik
S.P.Q.R   Sat Mar 11, 2006 11:51 am GMT
Dear Tiffany, maybe you are more accostumed to testa instead of capi, because you speak with an italian of the north, there is south capi is testa, testa is used in despregiative words such as testa di.......
or testa is used as coccio, you can find those info at accademia dellla crusca website.
S.P.Q.R   Sat Mar 11, 2006 1:01 pm GMT
>>>After the retreat of the real Romans that abandoned the WEST and moved EAST, in a barbaric chaos generated by the Vandals, the Catholic Inquisition took over and reshaped and manufactured the western Romance under the protectorate of Medieval Latin. These are facts not rumours or other cultural boycotts>>>> said Sorin.
Well the real romans did not migrate in east, because as you know the E.R.E was greek speaking empire!
The real romans can be found today in Rome! As in Parisium as Madrid.
The descendace is undeniable. The evidence either.
Sorin   Sat Mar 11, 2006 3:53 pm GMT
Dear friend, Rome was executed and buried in 410.

The Visigoths under king Alaric entered Italy and destroyed Rome in 410 – Rome had ceased to be capital of the Empire and Constantinople became the capital from 330.

From 476–773 Italy was ruled by the Barbarian kings.

>>Ostrogothic Kings of Italy

• Theodoric the Great (493-526),
• Athalaric (526-534)
• Theodahad (534-536)
• Witiges (536-540)
• Heldebadus (540-541)
• Totila (541-552)
• Teias (552)
• Alboin (565 - 572)
• Cleph (572 - 574)
• Authari (584 - 590)
• Agilulf (591 - 616)
• Adaloald (616 - 626)
• Arioald (626 - 636)
• Rothari (636 - 652)
• Rodoald (652 - 653)
• Aripert (653 - 661)
• Godepert (661 - 662)
• Grimuald (662 - 671)
• Perctarit (671 - 688)
• Cunincpert (688 - 700)
o Alahis (689)
• Liutpert (701)
• Raginpert (701)
• Aripert (701 - 712)
• Ansprand (712)
• Liudprand (712 - 744)
• Hildeprand (744)
• Ratchis (744 - 749)
• Aistulf (749 - 756)
• Desiderius (756 - 774) <<


Then Italy was ruled by the catholic inquisition for 700 years until Napoleon liberated you from the Machiavellian Pope. And half of Spain was a Muslim country for 700 years, and Napoleon referred to Spain as Africa.

The French gave you the freedom, because you were too BIMBO to fight against a priest or pope, whatever! In this 700 hundred years of inquisition rule Italian was a second class language, and from a historical point of view the Catholic inquisitors (or the medieval Holocaust) committed crimes against humanity, just like Nazis.
Junior   Sat Mar 11, 2006 10:14 pm GMT
"Then Italy was ruled by the catholic inquisition for 700 years until Napoleon liberated you from the Machiavellian Pope. And half of Spain was a Muslim country for 700 years, and Napoleon referred to Spain as Africa.

The French gave you the freedom, because you were too BIMBO to fight against a priest or pope, whatever! In this 700 hundred years of inquisition rule Italian was a second class language, and from a historical point of view the Catholic inquisitors (or the medieval Holocaust) committed crimes against humanity, just like Nazis."
------------------
What you refer to as the "Catholic Inquisition" was really no more than the supression of Heresies, which were present in all of Christian Europe. That these heretical sects were a menace to Christian society had been long recognized by the Byzantine rulers. As early as the tenth century Empress Theodora had put to death a multitude of Paulicians, and in 1118 Emperor Alexius Comnenus treated the Bogomili with equal severity, but this did not prevent them from pouring over all Western Europe. Moreover these sects were in the highest degree aggressive, hostile to Christianity itself, to the Mass, the sacraments, the ecclesiastical hierarchy and organization; hostile also to feudal government by their attitude towards oaths, which they declared under no circumstances allowable. Nor were their views less fatal to the continuance of human society, for on the one hand they forbade marriage and the propagation of the human race. and on the other hand they made a duty of suicide through the institution of the "Endura". It has been said that more perished through the Endura (the Catharist suicide code) than through the Inquisition.

The "torture, crimes against humanity, "medieval holacaust", were carried out by individual rules of their own countries, such as the Spanish Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition was an historical institution founded under Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile in 1478 to suppress heresies within the Catholic Church. The Inquisition was under the control of the Spanish monarch, but also happened, although scarecly, in independent countries that split off from Spain (Peruvian Inquisition, Mexican Inquisition). The Inquisition was removed during Napoleonic rule (1808–1812), but reinstituted when Ferdinand VII of Spain recovered the throne. Napoleon did not liberate western Europe from "the Tyrannical Pope", but liberated Spain temporarily from the tyrannical Monarch. France is not completely innocent of inquisition either.

In France Louis VIII decreed in 1226 that persons excommunicated by the diocesan bishop, or his delegate, should receive "meet punishment" (debita animadversio). In 1249 Louis IX ordered barons to deal with heretics according to the dictates of duty (de ipsis faciant quod debebant). A decree of the Council of Toulouse (1229) makes it appear probable that in France death at the stake was already comprehended as in keeping with the aforesaid debita animadversio. To seek to trace in these measures the influence of imperial or papal ordinances is vain, since the burning of heretics had already come to be regarded as prescriptive. It is said in the "Etablissements de St. Louis et coutumes de Beauvaisis", ch. cxiii (Ordonnances des Roys de France, I, 211): "Quand le juge [ecclésiastique] laurait examiné [le suspect] se il trouvait, quil feust bougres, si le devrait faire envoier à la justice laie, et la justice laie le dolt fere ardoir. "The "Coutumes de Beauvaisis" correspond to the German "Sachsenspiegel", or "Mirror of Saxon Laws", compiled about 1235, which also embodies as a law sanctioned by custom the execution of unbelievers at the stake (sal man uf der hurt burnen). In Italy Emperor Frederick II, as early as 22 November, 1220 (Mon. Germ., II, 243), issued a rescript against heretics.

Italy, Germany, France, Spain and Byzantium... All Guilty. The popes never ordered such crimes, these were drawn up by the country's respective governments. They might have meant good, but their method was horrific, and it is a sorrow to everyone that these deeds were commited, including the "tyrannical Catholic Church".

However this has nothing to do with the main topic at hand, so I suggest that you keep your anti-Catholic propaganda to yourself and keep quiet. This was supposed to be a fun forum, where people discuss topics in a civilized manner, which you are obviously incapable of. I suggest you deal with your inferiority complex instead of making us do it for you.
Luis Zalot   Sat Mar 11, 2006 11:39 pm GMT
Sorin, got owned.

Junior......*claps* well done. (Excellent observation!)

Anyways, has anybody seen "Colosseum A gladiator's story?" Which
aired or aires on "Discovery" channel. In that documentry movie "special" they speak Classical or Vulgar Latin. Which de facto a "spanish or italian" person could understand tremendously well. Words like:

Intelecto, (intelect or great.)
victoria, (victory)
pater, ego te amo (father, I love you)
suum excellentia te salutamus (your excellency, we salute you)
este (this one)
ii fortis sunt (they are strong)
familia (family)
familia est (family is)
peliate or peleate (fight)
Familia Gladiatoria(s) (gladiator family)
noves gladiatores (new gladiator's) or (nine gladiators?)
etc.

S.P.Q.R (let me know if this is correct or some things are different.) This is what they said in the "Discovery" channel documentry movie called"Colosseum A Gladiator's Story."

For people interested in Learning how "Classical Latin" sounded go here;
http://www.thereeds.org/latin/pronunciation/alphabet/
Luis Zalot   Sat Mar 11, 2006 11:51 pm GMT
Classical Latin Sentances, go here.

http://www.thereeds.org/latin/pronunciation/chapter2/

"S.P.Q.R; let me know if this person does a good job in pronunciation of Classical Latin." To me he does a "conversative" job.
Luis Zalot   Sat Mar 11, 2006 11:51 pm GMT
Classical Latin Sentances, go here.

http://www.thereeds.org/latin/pronunciation/chapter2/

"S.P.Q.R; let me know if this person does a good job in pronunciation of Classical Latin." To me he does a "conversative" job.
greg   Sun Mar 12, 2006 4:31 am GMT
Aldo : « Sardianian,Italian & Spanish *REAL* decendants of "Classical Latin's" Phonology. »

As tu des preuves *RÉELLES* à nous apporter, stp ?
Sorin   Sun Mar 12, 2006 7:33 am GMT
>However this has nothing to do with the main topic at hand, so I suggest that you keep your anti-Catholic propaganda to yourself <

Sorry to hurt your catholic feelings, but keep your Catholic fanaticism for yourself. I was speaking from a historical point of view involving a linguistic thematic. The medieval inquisition was indeed a Holocaust, and among many others, the one responsible is the universal head of the catholic church -the POPE. Also, during the inquisition, western Romance was mutilated by the FORCED influence of Medieval Latin. NO TRANSLATION from LATIN was allowed, translators being punished - a death penalty- burned at the stake.

From the menu :

In 1565, 26 English sailors visiting Spanish ports were burned at the stake, just because they were protestants, and other 400 sentenced to Inquisitorial prisons.

Giordano Bruno, the astronomer heavily influenced by the ideas of Copernicus (The Polish astronomer) was burnt at the stake by the medieval Church.

Galileo Galilei, another supporter of Copernicus (The Polish astronomer) was imprisoned, and his publication and works forbidden.

In 1645 in Italy 3 villages of peasants suffering from starvation consumed some toxic wild vegetables. After consumption the toxic effect manifested in hallucinations and delirium. All villagers were executed by the catholic inquisitors, at the order of the cardinal advised by the pope, because they were considered possessed by the devil.

Thousands of boys were castrated to provide male soprano's for the Vatican and catholic choir. Not including the catamite acts.

Throughout the 700 years of Catholic inquisition. It is estimated that 6.500.000 people were executed by the orders in connection with the Catholic Church.

In 1796 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy and proclaimed as the liberator of Italy as a Conqueror and Liberator, saving the Jews and other “heretics” from the evil corrupted pope.

On 31 October 1992, POPE JOHN PAUL II (the Polish pope) Apologized in public for the crimes and atrocities committed by the catholic church around the globe!

Linguistically, the influence of Medieval Latin was not just a cultural attribute of the Renaissance (Re-birth) that heavily influenced the western Romance with many cultism, also the Catholicism and the inquisition promoting a MEDIEVAL LATIN Totalitarianism, compromised the natural development of western Romance, second class languages for 700 years. TRANSLATION from LATIN was NOT allowed, translators being sentenced to death- burned at the stake.

You little chavs and boys, should read some history as well…You can’t separate linguistics from history.

E pur si muove !